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However, this analysis was restricted to animals divergent for a terminal index (predominantly focused on returning profit to producers), and focused on the benefits that are likely to accrue within the farm gate from embarking on such a breeding strategy to improve the terminal index value of a herd. Indeed, the benefits of genetic selection on a whole gamut of performance traits in many domesticated species such as beef cattle (McHugh et al., 2014), dairy cattle (Berry and Evans, 2014), and sheep (Dawson and Carson, 2002) have been previously reported, but all confined their analyses to economic (and societal) benefits within the farm gate. In the present study, the impact of genetic selection on downstream industries, namely the meat processing sector, was evaluated.

Herein, the phenotypes of total meat, fat, and bone weight will be referred to as “overall weight.” Carcass cut values were determined from a single point in time (March 2017), and were sourced from the Meat Trades Journal and from personal communications with meat industry experts. This study confirms that carcasses from gilts are leaner than carcasses from barrows and provide improved carcass cutting yields (1.52% when expressed as a merchandized-cut yield and 2.92% when expressed as a dissected carcass lean yield). On the other hand, loins from barrows are higher quality than loins from gilts (a difference of 10.33 percentage units for primal pass rate). This information is useful for multiple sectors of the pork industry and should be continuously monitored over time as genetics, nutrition, management strategies, and carcass weights change to meet industry goals. Poultry farming is a developing industry in Nepal and the poultry contributes about 4% to National GDP. Recently, Nepal ranks 92nd in the world for egg production and 112th for poultry meat production1.

Commercial pigs were slaughtered under the supervision of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) at a federally inspected processing facility. Meat samples were obtained from the processing facility; therefore, no Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approval was necessary for this study.

  • Pigs were sourced from nine different producers and slaughtered at the same commercial pork processing facility over a 9-month period.
  • It offers a measure of management effectiveness as well as profit at any given feed cost4.
  • The primary goal of broiler rearing is to produce quality broiler carcasses that are acceptable to consumers.
  • Loin pass rate, a measurement that factors in industry-driven thresholds that meat primal cuts must meet (or exceed) to qualify for premium-based systems, was numerically greater by a magnitude of 10.33 percentage units for barrows compared with gilts (Table 8).
  • Using data from 662 cattle, however, Conroy et al. (2009) documented a correlation of only 0.73 between EUROP carcass conformation score and meat yield.

Selection priorities focused on being representative of the pigs slaughtered in the commercial setting while equally representing barrows and gilts across the different weights. Contemporary group was defined as herd-year-season-sex of slaughter; in the present study, sex refers to either bull or steer. The definition of herd-year-season-sex was based on the algorithm described by Schmitz et al. (1991) and Crump et al. (1997) and used in previous Irish genetic studies (McHugh et al., 2011, 2014; Berry et al., 2013; Connolly et al., 2016). The algorithm is based on grouping the same-sex animals from the same herd slaughtered in close proximity. In the present study, all cattle of the same sex, within the same herd, slaughtered within 10 d of each other, were grouped together. There were limited significant interactions between sex and hot carcass weight quantile in this study; therefore, the interaction means were presented in supplementary tables (Supplementary Tables S1 to S8) and the main effects were the focus of the above discussion.

Predicted carcass meat yield and primal cut yields in cattle divergent in genetic merit for a terminal index

The Cobb-500 strain is optimal for producers targeting high breast meat yield, whereas Ross-308 is preferable for higher yields of leg and wing meat. The LIR strain, with its lower dressing percentage, may be less favorable in terms of overall carcass yield. Producers aiming for higher profitability and better feed efficiency should consider Cobb-500. The Ross-308 is also a viable option, particularly for those targeting slightly different market needs.

A major focus of processors is to maximize the percentage of (high value) red meat yield while reducing the quantity of carcass bone, but still maintaining the required external fat cover to ensure a pleasant eating experience, irrespective of markets and customers. Several studies, both at the (small) experimental level (Campion et al., 2009; Clarke et al., 2009a) and using larger (national) databases (McHugh et al., 2011; Connolly et al., 2016), have clearly demonstrated the favorable impact of genetic selection on increasing on-farm animal performance. Genetically elite animals (i.e., top 25%) were, on average, slaughtered at a younger age, with superior carcass characteristics resulting in carcasses worth €187 more than the bottom 25% on genetic merit (Connolly et al., 2016).

  • The Ross-308 also performed well, showing high feed intake and body weight, though slightly less efficient in feed conversion compared to Cobb-500.
  • The dependent variable was either a wholesale cut yield (i.e., VHVC, HVC, MVC, LVC) or carcass composition yield (i.e., total meat yield, total bone yield, total fat yield, total forequarter or total hindquarter yield).
  • A detailed description of the data available, as well as the editing producers used, and their justification, is provided in Connolly et al. (2016) but is summarized below.
  • In the present study, the impact of genetic selection on downstream industries, namely the meat processing sector, was evaluated.

Information regarding the best breed must be acknowledged because broilers are thought to be the greatest choice for meat production due to their quicker growth, shorter generation interval, better feed conversion rate and superior carcass. Also, Cobb-500 is suitable for markets with high demand for breast meat, while Ross-308 is better for leg and wing meat. Anterior to the Canadian grading site (toward the blade end of the loin), 3.0 cm-thick boneless loin chops were cut, trimmed of external fat, and the longissimus thoracis muscle was separated from other muscles.

Time Period

Even when adjusted to a common carcass weight, carcasses of animals in the very high genetic merit terminal group were expected to generate, on average, €90 more revenue for processors through greater red meat yield and extra value cuts, compared to the very low genetic merit group. The monetary impact of the results from the present study are similar to previous studies and signify considerable differences in carcass retail value between beef carcasses. Previously, Connolly et al. (2016) reported that animals of higher genetic merit based on the terminal index yielded €168 more revenue for the primary producer through a combination of heavier carcass weight, superior carcass quality, fewer days on farm, and less feed intake. Therefore, not only does improvement in genetic merit benefit the producer, it also benefits the processor through higher red meat yield and a greater proportion of higher value cuts, even at a common carcass weight. Furthermore, the expected fewer days on farm and lesser feed intake per day (Connolly et al., 2016) should also result in a lower environmental footprint of the entire sector. It was hypothesized that gilts would be leaner than barrows, which has been well documented by previous research (Boler et al., 2014; Overholt et al., 2016; Redifer et al., 2020).

In a separate series of analysis, phenotypic carcass weight was included as a covariate in the model to quantify the difference in the dependent variables between the genetic merit groups when standardized to a common carcass weight. When terminal index was included as a class effect with four levels, a covariate expressing the difference between the animal’s terminal index value and terminal index center-point of the index group was also included in the model. Two-way interactions between sex (i.e., steer or young bull) and herd type (i.e., dairy or beef) with terminal index were also tested for significance in the mixed model.

Backfat thickness and muscle depth were measured with a ruler and loin eye area was measured by tracing the perimeter of the longissimus muscle on acetate paper and then quantified using an electronic planimeter (Manually Operated Planimeter III; Carl Zeiss Inc., Thornwood, New York, USA). Pigs were sourced from nine different producers and slaughtered at the same commercial pork pin up online casino processing facility over a 9-month period. While a wide range of commercial genetic lines was represented in this study, most pigs used for this study were crossbred progeny from Duroc sires and commercial white line (Large White × Landrace) dams. A total of 17 slaughter events consisting of approximately 3,950 carcasses were utilized to select the 343 carcasses that were used in the study. Following the grading station, carcasses were chilled using a conventional chilling system, which can be described as a reefer cooler (using ammonia) operating on a specific chill cycle that is proprietary to the commercial packing plant with carcasses chilled for 22 to 24 h at ambient temperatures ranging from −4 to 2 °C.